Evaluation of the groundwater quality index (GWQI) and the human health risk (HHR) on fluoride concentration in Namakkal district, South India

This research aims to determine the health consequences of fluoride contamination groundwater in Namakkal region south India using quality index (GWQI). Study area latitude and longitude: 11° 00' 30' north, 77° 45' 78° 15' east. Statewide, it is among largest districts state. The study occupies an 3406.37 km2. geology studied mainly based on Archaean crystalline metamorphic complex. district's major aquifer systems are composed rocks that weathered fractured colluvial deposits. Alluvium colluvium examples porous formations cross-section. Only main river channels have alluvial phreatic properties Depending topography, these aquifers may reach 5 m saturation thickness. Groundwater samples were obtained from 58 bore well sites across during North-East Monsoon (NEM) 2015. pH concentrations suitable drinking water regions seasons assist limiting availability for purposes. TDS important factor determining suitability various sample shows cation domination ascending order Na+ > Ca2+ Mg2+ K+ due dissolution minerals rainfall area. In NEM seasons, rock dominance anthropogenic contributions higher values. Fluoride concentration differentiates into three groups such as < 0.5 indicates low risk, 1.5 moderate means high risk. More than 2 implies very whereas range 2.24 suggests a appraisal non-carcinogenic risk was done stress issues succeed intake dermal contact district. percentage HQ >1 48 men samples, followed by 46 women 30 children, constitute possible hazards. Overall, estimation results showed all surpassed permissible limit <1 children.